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Linking Words of Reason Exercise
Note: Some of these linking words are interchangeable, but others require specific sentence structures. Pay attention to whether the word is followed by a noun phrase or a full clause.
Choose the correct linking word of reason: because, as, since, for, because of, due to, or owing to
1. The match was postponed __________ the heavy rain.
"Because of", "due to", and "owing to" are correct here because they are followed by a noun phrase ("the heavy rain"). "Because", "as", and "since" would require a full clause ("because it was raining heavily").
2. __________ it was getting late, we decided to leave the party.
"Because", "as", and "since" are correct here because they introduce a full clause with a subject and verb ("it was getting late"). The other options require noun phrases.
3. The flight was delayed __________ technical problems with the aircraft.
"Because of", "due to", and "owing to" are correct here because they are followed by a noun phrase ("technical problems"). "Because", "as", and "since" would require a full clause.
4. She was promoted __________ her excellent performance last quarter.
"Because of", "due to", and "owing to" are correct with the noun phrase ("her excellent performance"). "For" is also possible here but less common in modern English. "Because", "as", and "since" would require a clause.
5. __________ I had already seen the movie, I didn't want to go again.
"Because", "as", and "since" are correct here as they introduce a full clause ("I had already seen the movie"). "For" is grammatically possible but very formal and uncommon in this position.
6. The conference was rescheduled __________ the speaker's illness.
"Because of", "due to", and "owing to" are correct with the noun phrase ("the speaker's illness"). "Because", "as", and "since" would require a clause ("because the speaker was ill").
7. He was excused from jury duty __________ his medical condition.
"Because of", "due to", and "owing to" are correct with the noun phrase ("his medical condition"). "Due to" is particularly common in formal contexts like this one.
8. __________ everyone was tired, we ended the meeting early.
"Because", "as", and "since" are correct here as they introduce a full clause ("everyone was tired"). "As" and "since" often appear at the beginning of sentences when indicating reason.
Grammar Summary: Linking Words of Reason
Because/As/Since/For: Followed by a subject + verb (a clause). Show reason or cause.
- Because - Most common, can be used in all situations
- As/Since - More formal, often used at the beginning of sentences
- For - Very formal and literary, rarely used in modern English
Because of/Due to/Owing to: Followed by a noun or noun phrase. Show reason or cause.
- Because of - Most common in everyday English
- Due to - More formal, common in written English
- Owing to - Most formal, often used in official contexts
Note: "Due to" and "owing to" are traditionally used after the verb "to be" (e.g., "The cancellation was due to bad weather"), while "because of" can be used in all positions.
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